Open+Ocean

[] Open Ocean: Morgan Covers 70% of earths surface Area off shore where water is 20 meters and up Most life is found in the Photic zone of the ocean: Where sunlight shines through the water Gets colder as you move deeper and have less sunlight. --**Epipelagic**(receives enough sunlight to support photosynthesis) ocean surface to 200 meters deep, 90% of life is here **mesopelagic**(small amounts of light penetrate-Twilight zone) 200-1,000m and **bathypelagic zones**(No light-midnight zone) 1,000-4,000 m in the ocean.
 * Called Pelagic zone**--largest area of the marine ecosystem
 * Bivalvia:**
 * Flat oyster**__: Ostrea edulis__ (shell: slightly scalloped, round, flat, greyish-white) grows up to 8 inches in length.) Filter-feeders(plantkton, microalgae, inorganic material) __Habitat:__ Found on hard, stable surfaces--can live with blue mussels. Sheltered silty or sand bottomed estuaries at depths between 1 and 30 meters. live 5-10 years but can live a lot longer in better conditions-captivity
 * Blue mussel:** __Mytilus trossulus__ (shell: triangular, elongated with round edges, smooth, purple, blue or brown in color) Semi-sessile- allows itself to attach and reattach to surfaces (Live attached to rocks or hard surfaces by strong thread-like structures-byssal threads-) in intertidal areas from depths of 1-30 meters. Filter-feeders(plankton, microalgae, inorganic material) live 15-20 years.
 * Cephalopoda:**
 * Giant Squid**: __Architeuthis dux__ (Mantle, 8 arms, 2 longer tentacles. Tentacles lined with suction cups and those are lined with sharp, serrated chitin-teeth. Contain ink to excape predators. Small fins at end of body for locomotion-move by jet. Second largest mollusc- 14 feet average. Feed on fish and other squid species. Hard beak. Largest eyes in the animal kindgom-up to 10 inches. Live 1,000-2,000 feet below surface of water and prefer cold water. Suffocate in warm water. Grow very fast and live about 3-4 years. Die after spawning.
 * Giant octopus**: __Enteroctopus dofleini__ (7-9 meters in length) 150 pounds 4 pairs of arms, hard beak. No internal or external skeleton. Among the most intelligent and behavioraly flexible of all invertebrates. males die after mating and females starve themselves while watching the eggs. Eat fish, crabs, shrimp, shellfish, clams and scallops. 1-5 years. Habitat: rocky areas, caves and kelp forests and depths of up to 600 feet.
 * Gastropoda:**
 * Black Turban Snail**: __Tegula funebralis__ (adult species have shells-20-40mm) Feed on algae and seaweed. Thin, elongated depressions on the foot that act like suckers to attach to objects. Black. Live up to 25 years old
 * Opalescent Naudibranch:** __hermissenda crassicornis__ (One of the most prettiest and colorful of the naudibranches) have bright orange areas on back and blue lines on side. Have cerrata (fingerlike projections) on their backs that are brown with white and gold tips. "sea slugs" Eat hydroids and anemones. Very aggressive fighters, should be alone! Live about 1 year, grow and reproduce very quickly. Live on eelgrass beds, rocks, mud flats and docks. Can live at virtually at any depth of sea water. Thrives in shallow warm waters
 * Mammalia:**
 * Killer whale**: __Orcinus orca__ (Eat fish, seals, squid, sea lions and sometimes whales) Largest of the dolphins. Black and white (easily recognized) 22-32 feet and can weigh up to 6 tons. Use echolocation to hunt and communicate. Intelligent and trainable. Killer whales are much more abundant and thrive in the arctic, the antarctic, and areas of cold water upwhelling but have been seen in mostly all types of water. No one knows for sure how long they life--very high mortality rate at birth. If survive after first 6 months, expected life span: female-50 years. male-30 years. Killer whales are polygomous- mate with many different females.
 * Pacific white-sided dolphin:** __lagenorhynchus obliquidens__ (Chin, throat, belly--creamy white. Beak, flippers, dorsal fin, back--dark gray. Light grey patches on the sides. Size-a little over 2 meters and weight between 300 and 450 pounds. Eats anchovies, squid, herring, salmon and cod. Like ocean bottoms with ridges and slopes. very playful and social. Live in temperate water.
 * Chondrichthyes:**
 * Tiger shark:** __Galeocerdo cuviera__ (3-5 meters long. 380-650 pounds) One of the largest living sharks today. Blue to light green body. Dark stripes down its body-resembling a tiger. (Sea tiger) Eats: crustaceans, fish, seals, birds, squids, turtles, sea snakes. Have electro-receptors on sides of body to detect electric fields and lateral line to detect movement or vibrations in the water. Lives all over the world in salt water, tropical waters and mainly in warm waters. No one knows exact lifespan- about 30-40 years.
 * Spotted eagle ray**: __aetobatus narinari__ FLat disk shaped bodies. Flat snouts. (Dark ventral surface covered by white spots or rings) Very venemous barbed stingers. Grow up to 5 meters and can weigh up to 500 pounds. Eat small fish and crustaceans, shrimps, crabs. Have a special tooth structure used for crushing the hard shells of molluscs. Commonly observed leaping out of the water. Live in tropical coastal waters and live 15-20 years
 * Urochordata:**
 * Mangrove Tunicate:** __Ascidia nigra__ (size-.5-1 inch) Filter feeder. Produces a chemical that may be effective in cancer treatment. Bright, orange yellow. Known as sea squirts and is sessile. Like rocky platforms, turtle grass, reefs. Coastal waters- up to 400 meters deep. Mature within a few hours.
 * Black Solitary Tunicate**: __ecteinascidia turbiniata__ (Usually reach about 5 cm in height) Marine filter feeder. Known as sea squirts and adult form can swim in pelagic zone. Two openings. incurrent and excurrent siphon. Contain a host of useful chemicals fighting against certain types of cancer and illnesses. Live 2-3 years.
 * Osteichthyes:**
 * Lined Seahorse:** __hippocampus erectus:__ (15 centimeters long, colors:greys, blacks, reds, greens, and oranges.) Eat minute crustaceans, and brine shrimp--suck in through snout. weak swimmers so they have to blend in to ambush their prey. Males longer and have longer tails. Have same mates through their whole life. Tropical and temperate waters, prefer seaweed, reefs, or man made structures to attach their tails to. Live 1-4 years but in cativity live 4 years or older
 * Ocean sunfish**: __Mola mola: (__Heaviest known bony fish in the world) average adult weight of 2,200 pounds. Eat mainly jellyfish, consume a lot! Females produce more eggs than any other known vertebrate. Grey color, rough texture, and rounded body. sunbathes on the surface of the water. Average length of 1.8 meters (5.9 feet) Found in tropic and temperate waters. Born at 1/10 of an inch long. Can live up to 10 years
 * EXTRA SPECIES:**
 * Asteroidea:**
 * Pacific Blood star**: __dermasterias imbricata: (__bright orange, red color) smooth. 8-12 cm in diameter. Found on and under rocks that have sponges or algae growing on them. Covered with closely set, equally sized blunt spines. Sucker tipped tube feet. No sense organs except for a red eyespot on the end of each arm-able to "see" changes in light or dark. Can push stomach out through mouth to feed-eat small particles trapped with slimy mucus on the bottom of their arm. Eat smelt, fish gel, aquid.
 * Pacific Blood star**: __dermasterias imbricata: (__bright orange, red color) smooth. 8-12 cm in diameter. Found on and under rocks that have sponges or algae growing on them. Covered with closely set, equally sized blunt spines. Sucker tipped tube feet. No sense organs except for a red eyespot on the end of each arm-able to "see" changes in light or dark. Can push stomach out through mouth to feed-eat small particles trapped with slimy mucus on the bottom of their arm. Eat smelt, fish gel, aquid.
 * Su****nflower star:** __pycnopodia helianthoides:__ (Largest seastar in the world) usually have 16-24 arms. Colors: yellow, orange, brown, red, purple. Eat sea urchins, clams, snails. Mesh like skeleton that protects internal organs. Quick and efficient hunters. Arm span of 1 M (3.3 feet)
 * Echinoidea:**
 * Red sea urchin**: __Strongylocentrotus franciscanus:__ (Color-pink to orange, or nearly black) Spherical body covered by sharp spines that can grow up to 8 cm. Mouth on underside surrounded by 5 teeth. During larval development body changes from radial to bilateral symmetry. Crawls slowly using spines like stilts. Eat seaweed, kelp, and algae. Scrape off the sea floor.
 * Pencil Urchin**: __Goniocidaris tubaria__ (Yellowish, brown or red spines) Grow up to 5 inches. Eats algae, sea squirts, sea sponges off the sea floor.
 * Holothuroidea:**
 * California Sea cucumber:** __Parastichopus californicus__ (Grow up to 50 cm. and width of 5 cm) Soft, cylindrical body with red brown to yellowish leathery skin. Mouth surrounded by 20 retractable tentacles. Scavenger-feeds on plankton and other organic matter. Can regenerate all of its body parts.
 * Brown Sea urchin:** __Stichopus mollis__(3-10 cm) Purple brown in color. Solid shells or "tests" covered in short white thorns. Feed on plant and animal mater including algae, barnicles, dead fish kelp, mussels and sponges. Reproduce via external fertilization producing several million eggs at time



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